Volume 3 ; Issue 2 ; in Month : July-Dec (2026) Article No : 128
Thakur R, Ranjan S, Kumar M, et al.

Abstract

Cancer remains one of the most complex and devastating diseases, characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and the ability to invade and metastasize. Over the past two decades, significant progress has been made in understanding cancer at the molecular level, particularly the roles of proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in regulating cell proliferation. Mutations in these genes disrupt normal cellular mechanisms, leading to malignant transformation. Breast cancer, the most prevalent cancer among women worldwide, exemplifies the interplay of genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors in disease development. Familial clustering and mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes highlight the genetic predisposition, while lifestyle and environmental influences serve as modifiable risk factors. Breast cancer manifests in diverse forms, ranging from non-invasive ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), which accounts for the majority of cases. Less common types, such as medullary, mucinous, and inflammatory breast cancers, present unique clinical challenges. Early detection through screening and awareness of symptoms—such as lumps, nipple discharge, and skin changes—remains critical for improving survival outcomes. Advances in systemic therapies, including hormone-targeted treatments, have contributed to declining mortality rates in developed nations. However, disparities in awareness, access to healthcare, and treatment outcomes persist globally. This chapter emphasizes the importance of integrating molecular insights, genetic risk assessment, and public health strategies to reduce the burden of breast cancer and improve patient quality of life.

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