Volume 3 ; Issue 2 ; in Month : July-Dec (2026) Article No : 121
Kumari S, Karim MJ, Fazal B, et al.

Abstract

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) with robotic surgery is transforming conventional robot-assisted procedures into increasingly intelligent, adaptive, and data-driven surgical systems. This review examines the evolution of robotic surgery from mechanically assisted intervention toward AI-enabled surgical intelligence, with particular emphasis on machine learning, deep learning, computer vision, multimodal data integration, digital twins, augmented reality, predictive analytics, and progressive robotic autonomy. Particular attention is given to AI-assisted patient-specific surgical planning, three-dimensional anatomical reconstruction, intraoperative navigation, tissue recognition, surgical workflow analysis, force-responsive robotic manipulation, automated skill assessment, and task-level autonomous surgery. The review further explores the emerging concept of human–AI–robot collaboration, in which artificial intelligence functions as a surgical co-pilot while the surgeon retains clinical authority and responsibility. Ethical, regulatory, legal, cybersecurity, data-governance, economic, and healthcare-equity considerations are also examined because these factors will determine the safe and sustainable translation of intelligent robotic systems into routine clinical practice. Emerging technologies, including multimodal foundation models, digital twins, risk-adaptive autonomy, continuous learning, tele-robotics, and intelligent operating-room ecosystems, are evaluated as potential drivers of the next generation of precision surgery. Overall, the evidence indicates that the future of robotic surgery is unlikely to involve wholesale replacement of surgeons; rather, it is expected to develop through increasingly sophisticated collaboration between human expertise, AI-based intelligence, and robotic precision. Responsible integration of these technologies could ultimately facilitate safer, more precise, personalized, adaptive, and equitable surgical care.

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